Lupine Publishers | Open Access Journal of Environmental and Soil Sciences
Abstract
Solid waste is one of the major problems in the urban communities due to congestion and improper garbage disposal. This problem may lead to some health and disaster-related issues. University Belt Area (UBA), a congested place in Manila City, Philippines generate tons of solid waste materials daily. Given this condition, it is significant to know the response of the local government units (LGUs) in addressing this type of problem. Thus, this study investigated the solid waste management programs (SWMP) implemented by UBA barangays and its problems encountered in implementing the said programs. The awareness of the residents on SWMP and their suggestions for effective implementation of these programs were also determined. An in-depth interview was conducted among barangay officials. Small group discussion (SGD) was conducted among the selected residents. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the qualitative data while descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze the quantitative data. Findings revealed that programs implemented by ten barangays in UBA are categorized into educational, infrastructure, waste reduction, and regular cleaning activity. These programs are known to most of the residents who participated in the study. In the process of implementation, the LGUs are facing some constraints. These constraints include lack of discipline among the residents, lack of funds, irregular collection of waste materials, location of the barangay, and poor segregation practices.
Keywords: Barangays; Solid waste; Solid waste management programs; University belt area; Urbanized areas
Introduction
Every day the world is getting more urbanized. The rate of urbanization is increasing at an alarming rate. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) reported that 34% of the world’s total population in 1960 was living in the urban centers. In 2014, this rate increased to 54% [1]. This increase in urban population is brought by the natural increase due high fertility rate of the urban population and rapid rural to urban migration [2]. The rapid rate of migration is attributed to the pull factors inherent to the urban environment itself [3] like better job opportunities, access to health and educational facilities, and high standard of living.
Materials and Methods
Research design
The research design employed both descriptive and qualitative approaches. Qualitative research aims to interpret meanings, descriptions, and symbols [7]. The goals of this type of research are to provide answers to the why’s and how’s. On the other hand, descriptive approach was used to describe characteristics of the population being studied [8]. This approach answers the question of “what” in the study. Objectives 2 and 4 were answered using qualitative approach while objective 3 was answered using descriptive method. Both qualitative and descriptive approaches were used to answer objective 1.
Research locale
The study was conducted in the U-Belt area. The name was given to this area because of the high concentration of the colleges and universities in this place. Originally, this name was given only to San Miguel district but technically it includes the nearby districts such as Quiapo, Santa Cruz. This area covers Mendiola Street, Morayta Street (now Nicanor B. Reyes Street), eastern end of Azcarraga Street (now Recto Avenue), Legarda Street, western end of España Boulevard, and the different side streets (Figure 4). This study covers the 10 barangays as given in Table 1.
Respondents of the study
The participants of the study were the 7 chairperson, 3 barangay councilors, and randomly selected residents of the ten barangays in the U-Belt Area. Ten barangay chairpersons and several barangay councilors were asked about the solid waste management programs implemented by their respective barangays and the problems they encountered during the implementation of the said program in an in-depth interview. The councilors interviewed in this study were the heads of the committee on health and sanitation. Selected residents were asked about their awareness on solid waste management programs of their respective barangays and their recommendations for effective implementation of the said programs during the small-group discussion (SGD).
Research instruments
Two research instruments were used to gather the data needed in this study. These instruments were the interview guide questions for in-depth interview and guide questions for small group discussion. The contents of these instruments were validated by the experts in the field of research and solid waste management.
Data collection procedure
In order to gather the data needed for the study, the researchers did an in-depth interview with the barangay chairpersons and barangay councilors, focus-group discussion with the randomly selected residents, and regular observation was also conducted to validate the results. The methods in the in-depth interview and small group discussion were patterned from the suggestions of Yukalang et al. [7]. The items in the questionnaires were based from the ideas of Yukalang et al. [9] and McAllister [10].
In-depth interview
An in-depth interview with eight barangay captains, 1 barangay councilor, and 1 barangay secretary was conducted by the researchers to determine the solid waste management programs implemented by the barangays around the U-Belt area and the problems encountered by the communities in the process of implementation of the said programs. The researchers prepared the guide questions for interview ahead of time. The guide questions were validated by the expert in the field of research and environmental issues and concerns. The English version of the guide questions was translated into Tagalog so that the respondents can understand better and they can freely engage in the conversation. The researchers asked permission to record the conversations from the barangay captains, barangay councilor, and barangay secretary. Field notes were also utilized to record pertinent information during the interview.
Small group discussion
Eight small group discussions were conducted during the duration of the study. The number of participants and date of discussion in the selected barangays in the U-Belt areas during the discussion are reflected in Table 1. The demographic profile of the participants such as age, occupation, and highest educational attainment were noted during the onset of the activity. Each participant was asked regarding his/her awareness about the implemented solid waste management programs in his/her barangay.
Observation
In order to counter-check the information disclosed by the barangay chairpersons and councilors, regular observations were conducted by the researchers. A weekly observation on the implementation of the solid waste management programs and the difficulties associated with the implementation of these programs was done from March to September 2017.
Data analysis procedure
After the collection of data, the data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and thematic analysis. The quantitative data were interpreted using the descriptive statistical tools such as frequency counts and relative frequency. Meanwhile, the qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. In this method, patterns or themes within data were identified, analyzed, and reported [7]. Patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research questions are referred as themes [11]. The themes generated from the data were validated by the experts in the field of research and solid waste management.
Results and Discussion
Solid waste management programs in the U-belt areas Results of the in-depth interview indicated that the programs implemented by ten barangays in the U-Belt areas are categorized into educational, infrastructure, waste reduction, and regular cleaning activity (Figure 5). Under educational programs, barangays implemented waste segregation campaign and information campaign. Also, they strictly imposed the “No segregation, No Collection Policy.” They also conducted the massive information campaign about proper ways of segregating of the waste materials as mandated by Republic Act 9003. Barangays are actively allotting budget for infrastructure which will counter the disaster which may be brought about by improper solid management. They have been allocating budget for repairing drainage system and constructing material recovery facilities. Material recovery facility serves as an area to store non-biodegradable materials prior to disposal.
Awareness of the residents on solid waste management programs
During the SGD, all participants were asked about their awareness on the programs implemented by the barangays in the U-Belt area on solid waste management. Findings of the investigation showed that 89% (31) of the participants are aware about the programs while 11% (4) participants are unaware (Figure 7). Generally, the results manifest that most of them have an idea about the implementation of the aforementioned programs. Awareness of the people about the programs is the outcome of the massive information drive and visibility of the infrastructure projects of the local government units. The high percentage of awareness on solid waste management programs among the residents in the U-Belt barangays is an indication that people are vigilant and participative in the programs and projects of the communities. Their participation ranges from attending the general assembly of the barangays up to abiding the proper segregation policy. On the hand, there are residents that remain not ware about the programs and policies of the barangays on solid waste management. Perhaps, they are not watchful regarding what is going to their communities and at the same time they are not participative to the activities of their barangays.
Constraints on solid waste management
Constraints encountered in the course of the implementation of every project and program makes the implementation itself very challenging. The problems encountered by the barangays in the U-belt areas in the implementation of the solid waste management programs are given in Figure 8. Findings showed that all ten barangays are currently facing the problem on the lack of discipline among the residents. They throw their garbage anywhere. They are particular of the designated places for their waste materials. Barangay 399 and Barangay 404 consider deficiency of funds as a major problem in the implementation of the program on solid waste management. Furthermore, it is also indicated above that 7 out of 10 barangays except for barangays 399, 402 and 403 are experiencing problem in terms of irregular collection of wastes. Findings also show that the barangays 395 and 397 are facing a problem on their location, which causes these barangays to produce more solid waste materials.
Recommendations of the residents for effective implementation of solid waste programs
Some of the programs on solid waste management are not effectively implemented due to the political, educational, and socio-economic reasons. During the focus group discussion, the residents suggested some recommendations to the barangay officials for effective and efficient implementation of the solid waste management programs in the U-Belt Areas. These include implementation of the appropriate barangay resolutions, raising public awareness, and imposition of penalties for the violators.
Implementation of the appropriate barangay resolutions
One of the best strategies in order to ensure the effective implementation of the solid waste programs is to pass the appropriate barangay resolutions. The residents said that the existing resolutions are not enough to support the implementation of the aforementioned programs. Hence, the barangay council needs to pass some additional resolutions aside from “No Segregation; No Collection Policy.” These resolutions once passed should be disseminated to the general public. According to the respondents, in order for the residents to become fully aware of these resolutions, the council should ensure maximum attendance of the residents during the barangay assembly. In the era of rapid urbanization in the cities of the third world countries (e.g. Manila), appropriate policies should be implemented to address the problems associated with high urbanization growth [14]. In the case of the barangays in the U-Belt Areas, in order make solid waste management programs effective the policies and resolutions that may focus on allotting budget for the implementation of the programs, improving the linkages to the non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private sectors, and cause-oriented groups and proper spatial planning.
Raising public awareness
The success of the programs and projects on solid waste management strongly depends on the support of the stakeholders and the general public. The participation of these groups of people can be maximized if they have been properly informed. As revealed by the residents, the barangay should boost the awareness of the people through educational campaign and massive public information dissemination drive. The campaign for solid waste management programs in the U-Belt area can be disseminated well through posting in the bill boards and other public places. Campaign can be done during the barangay assembly; hence, the barangay officials should ensure the maximum attendance of the residents. Cultural and literary programs through songs and poetry can also be explored in order to boost the awareness of the people thriving in the U-Belt Area.
Imposition of penalties for the violators
According to the participants in the SGD, there is a need to impose penalties to the violators in order to make implementation of the solid waste management more effective. Violators, in the context of this study; refers to the residents who are not abiding with the policies and resolutions about management of solid waste. For instance, these people don’t dump their garbage materials in the right bins and throw their waste materials in bodies of water. Those who are doing such should be penalized by the barangay councils. The penalty could be letting them engage on community service or pay offenders can pay a certain amount of money. Community service, on the other hand, could include cleaning the public places such plaza, streets, and bodies of water and repairing of the drainage system. Imposing these types of penalties will create a culture of discipline and support among the residents.
Conclusion
The programs implemented by ten barangays in the U-Belt areas are categorized into educational, infrastructure, waste reduction, and regular cleaning activity. These programs are known to most residents of the area. In the process of implementation, the LGUs are facing some constraints. These constraints are: lack of discipline of among the residents: lack of funds: irregular collection of waste; location of the barangay; and lack of segregation.
Acknowledgement
The authors would to like to thank
the technical expertise of Prof. Mayflor M. Tacardon for validating the
instruments and providing us the idea how to present the data gathered and
Madam Juliet Salubre, Solid Waste Management Officer, Environmental Management
Bureau (EMB) of Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) VI,
Philippines for validating the questionnaires and the themes generated from
this study.
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