Soil and Environment

 

Mini Review

Soil is a blend of natural issue, minerals, gases, fluids, and life forms that together help life. Earth’s collection of soil, called the pedosphere, has four significant capacities: as a vehicle for plant development; as a method for water stockpiling, supply and cleaning; as a modifier of Earth’s air; and, as a territory for living beings. These capacities, in their turn, alter the dirt, and you would have known this in the event that you read Wikipedia. The pedosphere interfaces with the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the air, and the biosphere [1]. The term pedolith, utilized regularly to allude to the dirt, means ground stone in the sense “key stone”[2]. Soil comprises of a strong period of minerals and natural issue (the dirt lattice), just as a permeable stage that holds gases (the dirt environment) and water (the dirt solution) [3-5]. As needs be, soil researchers can imagine soils as a three-state arrangement of solids, fluids, and gases [6].

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Birds in the Ecosystem of the Forest Tundra of Western Siberia

Abstract

The species composition and ecology of birds in the forest-tundra natural zone are analyzed. There is no own avifauna of the forest-tundra, with the existence of fauna of taiga and tundra natural zones. At present, it is being formed, the species diversity of nesting birds is increasing, species have appeared, whose density maxima are located in the forest tundra. But there is practically no effect of “overlaying faunas” both on the whole space of Western Siberia and on the local territory of woodlands. Ecological adaptations of birds to the conditions of life in the forest-tundra have not been identified with such adaptations to the taiga and tundra.

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Halophytes a New Key for Developing Saline Regions {1} Classification

Abstract

Halophytes are receiving more attention from plant scientist, for improvement of the performance of glycophytes in saltaffected soils, unfortunately, the major economic crops (Glycophytes) could not tolerate salinity conditions even low concentrations, Halophytes species are a diverse group of plants with varying degrees of actual salt tolerance, there are various classifications of halophytes based on different characters, as their chemical composition of the shoots, or their ability to secrete ions, as their characteristics of naturally saline habitats, on Physiological bases, and as Ecological types. There are many growth forms can be distinguished in the halophytic species, these growth forms reflect the high stress in the salt lands, some of this growth form Rhizomatous, Leafless succulent shrub, Leafy non-succulent herbs, Leafless tree, and Succulent herb. Halophytes has various life forms which reflect their response to the high salt levels, it includes Annual plants; Perennial; Perennial grass; Perennial sea grass; Perennial shrubs, Shrub; Fern; Parasitic perennial plant; Sea grass; Vine, and trees. Halophytes utilize two main strategies (Salt tolerance and Salt avoidance) to adapted and complete life cycle under highly saline conditions. Also, halophytes use various complicated mechanisms for survival under salinity environments by regulate ion concentrations in the cell, or exert excessive salt out of plant tissue.

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Improving Quality of Water Using Natural Nano-Clay Composites: Isotherms Describing Water Purification Using Fe-Montmorillonite from Chelel, Kapchorwa in Uganda

 

Abstract

Pollution resulting from increased human activities is threatening Lake Victoria, its effects are characterized by high turbidity, pH, iron (II) concentration, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and eutrophication. The performance of Fe-montmorillonite as low cost adsorbent for purifying water was studied. The batch technique was used in which Murchison Bay (MB) water was mixed with varying amounts of clay and stirred at 80rpm for 10 minutes at ambient temperature; filtered through what man paper and the filtrate was used to determine residual COD, Fe, TN and TP. The optimum concentration of clay of 0.4gl-1 was observed to produce 73.5+2% fall in COD as microbes and organic waste was removed. The concentration of iron (II) fell from 3.7+0.3 to 2.5+ 0.2 predicting removal of heavy metal by the clays. The data accumulated was analyzed using Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. The isotherms best described the results because the R2 values were very high. The Langmuir constant KL related to adsorption capacity of clay varied from 0.436 to 12.996 for removal of ions of iron; 0.068 to 1.161 for nitrate ions; 0.365 to 1.7295 for phosphate ions and 0.912 to 0.989 for removal of COD reducing agents. The Freundlich exponential constant, n, characterizing energetic heterogeneity of the clay surface varied from 0.059 to 0.714 for removal of ions of iron; 0.997 to 1.083 adsorption and /or exchange of nitrate ions; 0.339 to 1.582 for removal of COD reducing agents. The Temkin constant BT varied from 6.1582 to 21.025 for the nitrate, from 2.64 to 43.42 for adsorption of iron and 26.24 to 65.38 for removal of COD reducing agents. So, Femontmorillonite can remove organic and inorganic pollutants from MB waters. There is need to investigate the effectiveness of acid- and alkali-leached clay on MB water as well as kinetic study on removal of impurities from the water.

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