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Effect of Interaction Between Ag Nanoparticles and Salinity on Germination Stages of Lathyrus Sativus L.

Lupine publishers|Effect of Interaction Between Ag Nanoparticles and Salinity on Germination Stages of Lathyrus Sativus L.

 Lupine publishers|Earth and environment journals

Abstract

The aim of the study was to effect of interaction between Ag nanoparticles and salinity on Germination Stages of Lathyrus Sativus L. Treatments included in the study were viz. To 3 levels of salinity (0 as control, 8 and 16 dS/m NaCl), 8 and 16 dS/m and four levels of silver nanoparticles (0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm) on grass pea seed were tested. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), on the seed germination factors, root and shoot length (RL and SL) and proline content of grass pea Survival under Salinity Levels. Results showed a significant reduction in growth and development indices due to the salinity stress. The salt stress impaired the germination factors of grass pea seedlings. The application of Ag in combination improved the germination percentage, shoot and root length, seedling fresh weight and seedling dry weight and seedling dry contents of grass pea seedlings under stressed conditions. The results suggest that Ag nanoparticles enhancement may be important for osmotic adjustment in grass pea under salinity stress and application of Ag mitigated the adverse effect of salinity and toxic effects of salinity stress on grass pea seedlings.
Keywords: Ag nanoparticles; Salinity; Germination Stages; Grass Pea; Lathyrus Sativus L.

Introduction

High salinity is a common abiotic stress factor that causes a significant reduction in growth. Germination and seedling growth are reduced in saline soils with varying responses for species and cultivars [1]. Soil saltiness may impact the germination of seeds either by causing an osmotic potential outside to the seed averting water uptake, or the poisonous effects of Na+ and Cl− ions on germinating seed [2]. Salt and osmotic stresses are responsible for both inhibition or delayed seed germination and seedling establishment [3]. The majority of our present-day crops are adversely affected by salinity stress [4]. NaCl causes extensive oxidative damage in different legumes, resulting in significant reduction of different growth parameters, seed nutritional quality, and nodulation [5,6]. To mitigate and repair damages triggered by oxidative stress, plants evolved a series of both enzymatic as well as a non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanism. Ascorbate and carotenoids are two important non-enzymatic defenses against salinity, whereas proline is the most debated osmoregulatory substances under stress [7].
Lathyrus Sativus L. (Grass pea) is an annual pulse crop belonging to the Fabaceae family and Vicieae tribe [8]. Grass pea has a long history in agriculture. The crop is an excellent fodder with its reliable yield and high protein content. This plant is also commonly grown for animal feed and as forage. The grass pea is endowed with many properties that combine to make it an attractive food crop in drought-stricken, rain-fed areas where soil quality is poor and extreme environmental conditions prevail [9]. Despite its tolerance to drought it is not affected by excessive rainfall and can be grown on land subject to flooding [10,11]. Compared to other legumes, it is also resistant to many insect pests [12-15]. Nanoparticles (NPs) are wide class of materials that include particulate substances, which have one dimension less than 100 nm at least [16]. The importance of these materials realized when researchers found that size can influence the physiochemical properties of a substance e.g. the optical properties [17]. NPs with different composition, size, and concentration, physical/ chemical properties have been reported to influence growth and development of various plant species with both positive and negative effects [18]. Silver nanoparticles have been implicated in agriculture for improving crops. There are many reports indicating that appropriate concentrations of AgNPs play an important role in plant growth [19,20]. The application of Nano silver during germination process may enhance germination traits, plant growth and resistance to salinity conditions in basil seedlings [21]. The use of Silver Nanoparticle on Fenugreek Seed Germination under Salinity Levels is a recent practice studied [22]. Nanomaterials have also been used for various fundamental and practical applications [23]. Although the potential of AgNPs in improving salinity resistance has been reported in several plant species [24,25], its role in the alleviation of salinity effect and related mechanisms is still unknown. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to study the effect of Silver Nanoparticles on salt tolerance in Lathyrus Sativus L.

Material and Methods

In order to investigate salinity stress on Lathyrus Sativus L. germination indices, an experiment was carried out in Iran from April to Juan 2017 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, to creation salinity, sodium chloride at the levels of 8 dS/m, 15 dS/m and 0 (as control), four levels of silver nanoparticles (0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm) on Grass pea were tested. The Ag NPs were obtained from US Research Nanomaterial’s, Inc. Transmission electron microscopy (ТЕМ) images of silver nanoparticles with diameters of 20 nm, shown in Figure 1. Seeds of Lathyrus Sativus L. where from seed bank of Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. These all were washed with deionized water. Seeds were sterilized in a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes [26], rinsed through with deionized water several times. Their germination was conducted on water porous paper support in Petri dishes (25 seed per dish) at the controlled temperature of 25 ± 1°C. After labeling the Petri dishes, seed were established between two Whatman No. 2 in Petri dishes. Silver nanoparticles in different concentration silver nanoparticles (0, 5, 10 and 15ppm) were prepared directly in deionized water and dispersed by ultrasonic vibration for one hour. Each concentration was prepared in three replicates. Every other day supply with 0.5 ml silver nanoparticles per every test plantlet was carried out for 21 days along with control. Germination counts were recorded at 2 days’ intervals for 21 days after sowing and the seedlings were allowed to grow. The germination percentages of the seeds were finally determined for each of the treatments. After 21 days of growth, the shoot and root lengths were long enough to measure using a ruler. The controlled sets for germinations were also carried out at the same time along with treated seeds (Figure 2).

Figure 1: Silver Nanopowder, Coated with ~0.2wt% PVP (Poly Viny Pyrrolidone) surfactant for low oxygen content and easy dispersing. True density: 10.5 g/cm3 Purity: 99.99% APS: 20 nm SSA: ~18-22 m2/g Color: black, Morphology: spherical.

Figure 2: Effect of Ag Nanoparticles on Germination Stages of Lathyrus Sativus L. in Salinity level( 8 dS/m NaCl).

Parameters Measured in this Study were:

A. Germination Stages
Total germination percentage (GT) was calculated as Gt = (n/N ×100), where n = total number of germinated seeds (normal and abnormal) at the end of the experiment and N = total number of seeds used for the germination test.
B. Germination Speed Index (GSI)
Conducted concomitantly with the germination test, with a daily calculation of the number of seeds that presented protrusion of primary root with length ≥2 millimeter, continuously at the same time amid the trial. The germination speed index was calculated by Maguire formula [27]: aguire formula (1962):

Where:
GSI = seedlings’ germination speed index;
G = number of seeds germinated each day;
N = number of days elapsed from the seeding until the last count.

Root and Shoot Length

Root length was taken from the point below the hypocotyls to the end of the tip of the root. Shoot length was measured from the base of the root- hypocotyl transition zone up to the base of the cotyledons. The root and shoot length were measured with the help of a thread and scale.

Seedling Vigour Index

The seedling vigor index was determined by using the formula given by Abdul baki and Anderson [28].

Fresh and Dry mass

The fresh mass was quantified through weighing on precision scale, and the dry mass was determined through weighing on a precision scale after permanence of the material in a kiln with air forced circulation, at a temperature of 70°C, until indelible weight. At the ending of the experiment, At the end of the experiment, radical and plumule length and fresh weight measured. Plants were placed in the oven at 70°C for 48 h and weighted with sensitive scale.

Proline Contents

Proline was determined spectrophotometrically following the ninhydrin method described, using L-proline as a standard [29]. Approximately 300 mg of dry tissue was homogenized in 10ml of 3% (w/v) aqueous sulphosalicylic acid and filtered. To 2ml of the filtrate, 2ml of acid ninhydrin was added, followed by the addition of 2ml of glacial acetic acid and boiling for 60 min. The mixture was extracted with toluene, and the free proline was quantified spectrophotometrically at 520nm from the organic phase using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis each treatment was conducted, and the results were presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation). The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with used Minitab Version 16.

Results and Discussion

The present study showed clearly that salinity had a negative effect on the yield and its components of grass pea. It is well known that seed germination provides a suitable foundation for plant growth, development, and yield [30]. Increased salt concentration caused a decrease in germination percent (Table 1). Seed germination decreased as the doses increased. The Strong reduction in germination (-47%) was observed mainly at the highest level of salt concentration as compared to control treatment. Delayed germination causes increased irrigation cost and irregular and weak seedling growth in the establishment of legume crops. Relevant results were reported by Gunjaca and Sarcevic [31] and Almansouri et al. [32]. They reported that increasing osmotic potential decreased water uptake and slow down germination time. The average time of germination increases with increasing levels of salinity. In view of mean germination time, there was a considerable increase in this character at 0 (as control), 8 and 16 DS/m salinity levels as compared to the others. Emergence was significantly affected by salinity levels. Moreover, many researchers have reported developmental delay of seed germination at high salinity [33]. The germination rate decreased as salt concentration increased to a 16 dS/m and delayed for the high salt dosage (Table 1). Since higher salinity limited water absorption, it has prevented nutrient assimilation, as a result, germination rate declined with increasing salinity. The findings from this study were like to the findings of Kaydan and Yagmur [34] and Akhtar and Hussain [35].

Table 1: The interaction effect of NaCl and AgNPs on Germination Speed Index.

Table 2: Analysis of variance of the measured traits.

Shoot fresh weight was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by salinity levels. The highest shoot fresh weight was obtained from 0dSm salinity level while the lowest weight was at 16dSm. Shoot fresh weight significantly decreased as salinity level increased above 8dSm (Table 2). Salinity stress significantly (P<0.05) affected shoot dry weight as the salt concentration dosage increased. Shoot dry weight significantly decreased in salt levels over 8dSm. When the salinity level was raised above, the proline content increased in grass pea. Culturing excised roots has demonstrated to be a really great test show for the early detection of tolerance to abiotic stresses such as saltiness [36-38].
Proline was studied in numerous works dealing with plant selection against abiotic stresses such as dry and salinity [39,40], and it may play a defensive part against the osmotic potential produced by salt [41,42]. The proline substance of the expanded with the NaCl concentration of the culture medium. At 16 dS/m NaCl, the proline concentration appeared a huge increment in reaction to salt stress, although the activity of the roots at this concentration was negligible, with no grateful longitudinal development. Proline, which happens broadly in higher plants and collects in bigger sums than other amino acids [43], regulates the aggregation of useable N. Proline collection normally occurs within the cytosol where it contributes significantly to the cytoplasmic osmotic alteration [44]. It is osmotically very active and contributes to membrane stability and mitigates the impact of on NaCl cell membrane disturbance [45]. In the present experiment application of Ag NPs enhanced seed potential by increasing the characteristics of seed germination (Tables 1 & 2). The results showed that the impact of Ag NPs was significant on germination percentage in P≤0. 05. The results about of this test appeared that utilization of Ag NPs nanoparticles can increment the germination in grass pea. Seed germination results indicate that Ag Nanoparticles at their lower concentrations advanced seed germination and early seedling growth in grass pea, anyway at higher concentration showed slight antagonistic impacts. Parameters of seed germination were expanded with increasing levels of Ag NPs up to 10 ppm. Among the treatments, application of 10 ppm of Ag NPs proved best by giving the highest values for percent seed germination, germination rate and germination mean time. It is well watched that the exogenous application of Ag NPs decreased the reduction of germination resulted from salt treatments. In the interim, the control treatments of salt and Ag nanoparticles gave the tallest plants contrasted with the other studied treatments. Darvishzadeh et al. [21] found that the utilization of Ag Nano particles at the concentration of 40 mg.kg-1 prompted the increases in germination percentage and improved the resistance to salinity conditions in basil. The proline content increased with increasing severity of salinity stress. Additionally, proline content significantly (P.0.01) increased when silver nanoparticles were applied in connected in serious saline stress in comparison without silver nanoparticles (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Effect of interaction between ag nanoparticles and salinity on germination stages of Lathyrus Sativus L. a - Main effects plot for Root length (mm); b - Main effects plot for dry weight of shoot and root (gr); c - Interaction Plot for fresh weight of shoot and root (gr); d - Interaction Plot for dry weight of shoot and root (gr); e - Interaction Plot for Proline (mg/gr).

Conclusion

Salt stress through enhancement of osmotic pressure leads to the decrease of germination percentage, germination rate, germination index and an increment in mean germination time of Lathyrus sativus seeds. For overcoming the negative impacts of salinity on the plant growth and yield can be to attempt to new strategies. The dry and fresh weight of seedlings diminished as seedling length declined with increasing salinity levels since root number, shoot number, root length and shoot length decreased essentially. Results demonstrate that Ag NPs at lower concentration enhances seed germination, promptness index, and seedling growth. The positive effect of Ag on physiological properties was in conditions that the plant grew under salt stress was more increasingly exceptional in examination with the conditions that plant grown under normal conditions. The results of this study showed that Ag can be involved in the metabolic or physiological activity in higher plants exposed to abiotic stresses.

Acknowledgment

I would like to thank the Research Center for Plant Sciences, and Dr. Jafar Nabati for providing the necessary facilities.

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Green Revolution as Technological Fix to Agricultural Development

Lupine publishers|Green Revolution as Technological Fix to Agricultural Development

 Lupine publishers|Environmental science

Abstract

The beginning of Human being’s effort to meet the need for food production in parallel with the increasing number of population and environmental deterioration is lost in time. One of such known effort was green revolution which started in 1968 in order to revolutionize agricultural sectors through the utilization of modern technologies. Since agriculture is the fundamental source of livelihood for the majority of human population especially in developing countries, it will always be helpful to study any agricultural aspects to take lessons from it. Accordingly, this review article tries to study the historical, implementation and shortcoming of green revolution. The study only used secondary data materials.
Keywords:Saline agrolandscape; Catena; Macro and microelements; Sanitary and hygienic conditions

Introduction

Over centuries, Owing to some natural factors or unnatural (human-made) factors different societies across the world were encountered significant decrease in food production eventually leading into chronic food shortage that affected the life of millions of peoples and also resulted in death of large number of human individuals. In one way or another there have been responses from the people to deal with the problem of hunger at different time. As such, the so called “Green Revolution” is a technological response into the world-wide hunger that took place after Second World War. It was a great movement characterized by introduction of agricultural technology from developed nation in to developing countries with the intension of replacing traditional agricultural techniques with improved modern techniques so as to increase food production output and subsequently to put to an end the problem of food shortage. This review paper tries to analyze Green Revolution and then to discuss its historical development, implementation and failure. It will be dealt as follows.

Definition

The term green revolution was first used in 1968 by William Gaud the former director of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to describe agricultural policy that has been adopted to deal with the world-wide hunger after Second World War. This policy was termed as green revolution because, it was characterized by great movement toward increasing agricultural output so as to meet the argent need for food production, that were exacerbated by population growth, whilst making intensive use of agricultural technologies that has been devised over centuries by developed nations mainly in United State and western European countries [1]. Green revolution is the extension of earlier agricultural revolution that was under taken in different nation such as France and England (David B. Grigg). But, the unique manifestation of green revolution in relation to the earlier phase of agricultural revolution was its intensive use of improved agricultural technology specially that of high yielding varieties (HYVs) that is adoptive to different changing condition. So, Green Revolution is a term used for rapid increases in wheat and rice yields in developing countries brought about by improved varieties combined with the expanded use of fertilizers and other chemical inputs that has had a dramatic impact on incomes and food supplies in many developing countries [2].

Historical Back Ground

Green revolution was a giant movement that took place the period after Second World War mainly between 1940s and 1960s. This movement was initially coming at the request of Mexican government to establish agricultural research station to develop more varieties of wheat. As it was also true for many other nations of the world, in 1940 Mexico needed high food production that could be used to feed the rapidly growing population of the country [3-5]. To this account, the Rock Feller Organization in cooperation with Mexican government created Office of Special Studies within the Mexican Department of Agriculture. One of the pioneers in this effort was the plant pathologist Norman Borlaug who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his green revolution work in 1970. He was often regarded as the Father of Green Revolution. The overall agricultural endeavor by Rock Feller Organization in Mexico were succeeded in engineering better seeds that was resulted in increased agricultural output to greater amount. News of this cooperative undertaking and agricultural improvement in Mexico Spread rapidly to other countries in Latin America and Asian countries. Eventually, inquiries to invite rock feller for collaboration began to come from other Latin American and Asian countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia and China and parts of Africa [7-9].
In 1957, the Rock Feller Foundation started its agricultural program in India and three years later the Rock Feller Foundation and Ford Foundation jointly created the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) at Los Banos in the Pmhiliphins to find a rice as miraculous as the Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62 wheats, rice being at that time the main item of diet for six out of every ten people in the world. They were succeede in developing HYVs specially IR8-rice that was termed miracle seed [10].

Implementation of Green-Revolution

The initial aim of green revolution was to eradicate famine that has had deteriorated the well-being of many developing nation across the world. The plan was to maximize agricultural output because, as per the assumption of green revolution, once agricultural output has increased it will put to an end the hunger problem. So as to increase agricultural output, traditional agriculture must be replaced by modernized agriculture that makes intensive use of technology. This encompasses the use of hybrid seed, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticide, irrigation system etc. with such transformation in the agricultural sector, green revolution promised to eradicate famine. In account of this, the first practical implementation of green revolution had taken place in Mexico in 1940, funded by Rock Feller Organization. After intensive research, the team has succeeded in developing hybrid seed of wheat, maize etc. that could give high yields. The developed hybrid seed was cultivated and resulted in the increased output. Accordingly, Mexico become the first country to testify the result of green revolution. In 1943 Mexico imported half of its wheat; in 1956, the green revolution made Mexico self-sufficient; by 1964, Mexico started to export wheat. The improvement of agricultural output in Mexico attracted attention from many developing nations mainly from Asia [11].
In 1960 Philippines in collaboration with Ford Foundation and Rock Feller Foundation established International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). A rice crossing between Dee-geo-woo-gen and Peta was done at IRRI in 1962. In 1966, one of the breeding lines became a new cultivar, IR8. IR8 required the use of fertilizers and pesticides but produced substantially higher yields than the traditional cultivars. Annual rice production in the Philippines increased from 3.7 to 7.7 million tons in two decades. The switch to IR8 rice made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century. At the same time, heavy pesticide use reduced the number of fish and frog species found in rice paddies [12].
In 1961, India was on the brink of mass famine. Being impressed by the agricultural transformation that Mexico had under gone, India invited the green revolution to assure food security for its rapidly growing population. To this effort, green revolution was first introduced into parts of India with the collaboration of Rock Feller Organization. Later on, India began its own green revolution program of plant breeding, irrigation development and financing of agro-chemical. India also adopted IR8, a rice semi-dwarf variety developed by the IRRI that could give more grains of rice per plant when grown properly with fertilizer and irrigation. This IR8 rice variety was success through Asia and termed as miracle rice. India become one of the world’s most successful rice producers and is now a major rice exporter [13].
There have been numerous attempts to introduce the successful concepts from the Mexican and Indian projects into Africa. These programs have generally been less successful, for a number of reasons. Reasons cited include widespread corruption, insecurity, a lack of infrastructure, and a general lack of will on the part of the governments. Yet environmental factors, such as the availability of water for irrigation, the high diversity in slope and soil types in one given area are also reasons why the Green Revolution is not so successful in Africa.

The Short Coming of Green-Revolution

Besides maximizing food production, Green revolution was not as such successful as it was expected to be. This could be ascribed to many reasons. First and for most, green revolution was one directional- it only considers the increase in food production as the sole solution to eradicate hunger. For many farmers the cost of machinery was too much, and they couldn’t afford it. Many very poor farmers were tenant farmers, with little money to buy even the new seeds or fertilizer. Dam construction in some areas resulted in the flooding of some good farming land. The large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides required by HYVs also led to serious environmental problems as they inter water supplies. Areas where there was an increase in mechanization, there was an increase in unemployment fewer people needed to do the job this led in rural-urban migration with more people moving to the city causing urban problem. Many farmers who had tried to take on the new technologies became heavily in debt. These and other long-term problems made green revolution ineffective [14].

Conclusion

Generally, Green Revolution was a movement that started after Second World War as response to world-wide hunger. The main aim of this revolution was to increase agricultural output by intensive use of modernized agricultural technology specially by using hybrid seed supplemented by mechanical and bio-chemical technologies. This revolution was succeeded in increasing food production by innovating HYVs of different cereals but, at its first stage it was mainly contributed to wheat, maize, rice and later on its contribution extended into other cereals. With its first move in Mexico, green revolution introduced into other parts of Latin America, Asia and also some parts of Africa. However, green revolution was mainly implemented in Asia than any other countries. And this revolution was not that much succeeded in eradicating poverty as it was first promised to do so. It also brought about many problems that accounts to its failure.